SEA Design System
Why
Shared rules
Philippines
Risks
In action
Build
Use it
Evidence
SEA baseline
Philippines v0.1
SEA DESIGN SYSTEM · COUNTRY GUIDELINE V0.1
Designing for the Philippines
Practical rules for designers. Each rule shows its evidence and its status.
STATUS
Draft. Rules are proposed. None is validated in market.
SCOPE
Philippines first. Other markets follow one by one.
9:41
Search
Maligayang Pasko!
Christmas picks, early
Shop the season
PAY YOUR WAY
GCash
Maya
QR Ph
Cash on delivery
Cotton tote bag
₱499
Ceramic mug set
₱799
Concept screen with sample content. Not a real product.
1
Why do designs fail across markets?
2
What stays the same?
3
What is different here?
4
What can go wrong?
5
What does it look like?
6
How is it built?
7
How do I use it?
8
Can I trust it?
Case study overview
From local research to practical design tools
In this case study, you’ll see how I turn Philippine market research into a practical design toolkit: localized UI examples, clear design rules, reusable components, and a checklist to help designers adapt experiences for local users. I’ll also show what the research supports and what still needs validation.
Local pictures
Show local scenes, not a generic city.
Drop image here
Everyday street life
Drop image here
Festival color
Drop image here
Family gatherings
Drop image here
Avoid: a generic skyline
AI-generated illustrations of Philippine scenes. They show the idea, not evidence. No research measures whether familiar scenes help.
QUESTION 1 OF 8
Why can a design work in one market and fail in another?
Same design, different results
Shoppers abandon a purchase for different reasons in different markets. Same survey, different leading reason.[1] [4]
😞
CHECKOUT A
One-size-fits-all
▦
Order summary
Everyday backpack
₱1,499
Payment method
Credit or debit card
Other options unavailable
Place order
A familiar-looking flow can still block shoppers if their preferred payment method is missing.
😄
CHECKOUT B
Market-aware
▦
Order summary
Everyday backpack
₱1,499
Choose a payment method
E-wallet
Cash on delivery
Card
Continue securely
Keep the core flow, but show locally supported methods and validate their order with market data.
Illustrative UI mockups only. Not screenshots of a real product or a claim that every method is available in every market.
LEADING REASON
Preferred payment option not available
Indonesia
Philippines
41%
Malaysia
LEADING REASON
Security concerns
Vietnam
Thailand
Conceptual grouping. Only the Philippines figure is confirmed by three outlets.[3] The other groupings come from one outlet and need checking in the report.[4] Singapore is not reported in the sources I read. Not a market ranking.
NEXT QUESTION
What stays the same in every market? →
QUESTION 2 OF 8
What stays the same in every market?
Four rules for every market
These apply in every market. Each country page adds only market settings and local rules.
Rule 1
Payments
Methods and order come from market settings. No fixed card-first list.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
See Philippines details →
Rule 2
Seasons
Seasonal styling is a separate layer that can change per market. Core and functional colors never change.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
See Philippines details →
Rule 3
Text length
Components pass a longer-text test at the size the design system sets.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
See Philippines details →
Rule 4
Errors
Say what happened and what to do next. Reassure only when true.
Consider
Hypothesis
See Philippines details →
STRENGTH
Must
Should
Consider
How firmly to follow
EVIDENCE
Sourced
Needs local validation
Hypothesis
Legal review
How well it is supported
NEXT QUESTION
What is different in the Philippines? →
QUESTION 3 OF 8
What is different in the Philippines?
What changes in the Philippines
Each finding leads to an implication and a rule. Strength never exceeds what the evidence supports.
Payment mix
Methods differ and keep changing. A missing preferred method loses sales.
[2] [3] [5]
Payments
Methods and order from market settings.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Payment methods
Include methods your payments provider confirms. Never card-only.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Order and default
Order and default: start from local data, then test.
Consider
Hypothesis
Season
The season starts in September and runs through December.
[13] [21]
Seasonal look
Seasonal layer can change per market.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Season timing
Plan the window from September.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Language and text
Two official languages. Translated text runs longer.
[8] [11]
Room for longer text
Test every screen with longer text.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Language choice
Decide English, Filipino or both with content owners.
Consider
Sourced
Needs local validation
Mixed language
Taglish only after content testing.
Consider
Hypothesis
Faith and region
One religion is not universal across the country.
[7]
Faith and festivals
Do not assume one religion in seasonal content.
Consider
Sourced
Tone
Calm, clear messages may help. No study links this to UI copy.
[15]
Error messages
What happened, true reassurance, next step.
Consider
Hypothesis
Devices
Budget devices are likely. Keep screens light.
[19]
Light screens
Budget to mid-range performance limit.
Consider
Sourced
Imagery
Familiar scenes may help. No research measures it.
Local pictures
Prefer specific local scenes over generic city views.
Consider
Hypothesis
National flag
Law restricts flag use. Scope in product UI is unclear.
[17] [18]
Flag and symbols
Ask Legal before using the flag or national symbols.
Must
Legal review
The flag and symbols rule is a proposed process rule. It needs Legal sign-off. The statutory scope stays under Legal review.
NEXT QUESTION
What can go wrong? →
QUESTION 4 OF 8
What can go wrong?
WATCH OUT
Avoid these 6 mistakes
These are risks, not facts about every Filipino. Check each one before you design.
Typhoon season
Typhoon season peaks from July to October, and the season window starts in September. Keep banners and promos easy to switch off in affected regions.
[24] [25]
Sacred days
Many families visit cemeteries on 1 and 2 November for Undas. Eid’l Fitr is a national holiday. Check the calendar and the tone before you schedule festive content.
[26] [27] [28]
Maps and borders
The film board said it will sanction films that show the nine-dash line. Ask Legal before you use a map that shows seas or borders.
[29]
Address forms
Philippine addresses use the barangay, then the city or municipality, then the province. Build forms with these fields.
[30] [31]
Respectful language
Tagalog marks respect with po and opo. Older people, including strangers, are often called kuya or ate. Ask a Filipino content reviewer if your copy should use them.
[32] [33]
Stereotyped imagery
The same few symbols, repeated, can look like a stereotype. Use specific local scenes and ask a local reviewer how they read. No research measures this.
Proposed. Not yet tested with Filipino users.
NEXT QUESTION
What does it look like in a design? →
QUESTION 5 OF 8
What does it look like in a design?
Three rules in action
Three rules, shown as design. Screens are my own concept illustrations. Photos are AI-generated.
Payments
Payments: offer the methods people use
Drop image here
CASH STILL MATTERS
Cash on delivery was about 23% of e-commerce value on one platform.[2]
Drop image here
DIGITAL SITS BESIDE IT
Digital payments were 57.4% of retail payment volume in 2024.[6]
DON’T
9:41
‹
Checkout
Deliver to
Maria Santos · +63 9XX XXX XXXX
Brgy. Poblacion, Makati City 1210
Cotton tote bag
Qty 1
₱1,299
Payment
Credit or debit card
1
More payment options ›
2
Place order · ₱1,348
1
Card is fixed as the default.
2
Other methods are hidden.
DO
9:41
‹
Checkout
Deliver to
Maria Santos · +63 9XX XXX XXXX
Brgy. Poblacion, Makati City 1210
Cotton tote bag
Qty 1
₱1,299
Payment
3
E-wallet: GCash
Pay in the app
1
E-wallet: Maya
QR Ph or bank transfer
Cash on delivery
Pay when your order arrives
2
Credit or debit card
Place order · ₱1,348
1
The list comes from market settings.
2
Methods the payments provider confirms, such as cash on delivery where supported.
3
Order and default are a hypothesis to test.
WHY
Among PH shoppers who abandoned a purchase, 41% cited an unavailable preferred method.[3] Cash on delivery was about 23% of e-commerce value on one platform.[2]
Sourced
COST TO WATCH
Cash on delivery adds cost for the business. Include it only where operations support it.
NOT PROVEN YET
The findings show methods matter. They do not show that order or layout raises conversion.
Needs local validation
Seasons
Seasons: plan from September
Drop image here
A town street at Christmas time
Parol lanterns mark the season. AI-generated illustration.
Seasonal layer window (proposal)
Set per market. Dates below are sourced.
Sep
SEASON STARTS
The “ber” months begin. [13]
Oct
10.10
Marketplace sale day. [23]
Nov
11.11
Marketplace sale day. [22] [23]
Dec
12.12
Marketplace sale day. [22] [23]
16 TO 24 DEC
Simbang Gabi, nine dawn Masses. [21]
RULE
Seasonal styling swaps accents, banners and greetings. Core brand, error and success colors never change.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
SOURCE LIMITS
Sale days come from one marketplace and change each year. Q4 spending was reported up 12 to 18% in a 2020 article.[14]
NOT PROVEN YET
Whether users or sales respond. A pilot in one campaign comes first.
Needs local validation
Language and text
Text: leave room to grow
1X
Pay now
Pay now
ABOUT 1.3X
Pay now, securely
Pay now, securely
2X
Pay now and track your order
Pay now and track your order
Top row: fixed width clips. Bottom row: flexible wraps. Illustrative English strings, not translations.
SEA BASELINE
Test every component at the factor the design system sets.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
One vendor puts Tagalog about 28% longer.[11] A common rule is to plan for 2x.[12] The factor is for the design system to set.
PHILIPPINES SETTINGS
locales: [en-PH, fil-PH]
official: Filipino, English [8]
regional: out of scope v0.1
taglish: test first [9][10]
Suggested settings. Small studies saw Tagalog and English mixed. Taglish is a test, not a default.
NEXT QUESTION
How do we build it without new components? →
QUESTION 6 OF 8
How do we build it without new components?
Build once. Adjust per market.
A new market adds settings and evidence. It does not add components.
Core component
SHARED
Behavior, states, accessibility. Payment selector, seasonal layer, text rules.
Market settings
PER MARKET
Payment methods and order. Season window. Locales. Legal gates.
Content
PER MARKET
Strings, greetings, artwork, campaign dates.
market: “PH”
payments.methods: [ewallet, qr_bank, cod, card] # needs local validation
payments.order: from local usage data # hypothesis
season.window: Sep to Dec # sourced, set per campaign
locales: [en-PH, fil-PH] # sourced
legal.gates: [national_symbols] # legal review
Suggested structure and names. The design system team decides the final form. Values stay proposed until validated.
NEXT QUESTION
How do I use this at work? →
QUESTION 7 OF 8
How do I use this at work?
Use it in your project
Use the checklist at each phase. A rule marked Consider is a prompt, not a requirement.
Kickoff
CONFIRM
Payment methods
Which payment methods are supported? Ask the payments owner.
Season timing
What is the campaign calendar and season window?
Language choice
Which languages ship, and who owns strings?
Flag and symbols
Will national symbols appear? Ask Legal.
Explore
DESIGN
Payments
Build the payment picker from market settings, not a fixed list.
Seasonal look
Make seasonal styling a swappable layer.
Room for longer text
Plan for text that grows.
Review
CHECK
Payments
Any fixed method or order?
Seasonal look
Does the layer touch error or success colors?
Every rule
Does each rule claim show its status?
QA
TEST
Payments
Every method on the list, plus unavailable and error states.
Room for longer text
Long strings and text zoom.
Seasonal look
Contrast of every seasonal pairing.
NEXT QUESTION
Can I trust it? →
QUESTION 8 OF 8
Can I trust it?
Evidence and status
Finding evidence and rule evidence are tracked separately. All sources are secondary. These are patterns, not every user.
TWO TAGS ON EVERY RULE
EVIDENCE STATUS
Sourced
Finding traced to a named source, with limits shown.
Needs local validation
Desk evidence only. Not yet checked in market.
Hypothesis
A design bet. No direct evidence.
Legal review
Not to be used until Legal responds.
RULE STRENGTH
Must
Blocks design review. Only through routes A, B or C below.
Should
Strong default. A different choice needs a reason.
Consider
A prompt. No gate.
Cap
Hypothesis allows Consider at most. Sourced with Needs local validation allows Should at most.
VALIDATED IS A RECORD, NOT A TAG
A RULE COUNTS AS VALIDATED WHEN IT HAS
1
An in-market test with target users, a usability test or experiment.
2
Measures and thresholds written before the test.
3
A local reviewer check of language, imagery and relevance.
4
A record: date, method, sample, result, approver.
Not enough: desk research alone, vendor claims, one stakeholder’s view, AI-generated content.
SHOULD BECOMES MUST ONLY BY ONE ROUTE
A
Compliance: Legal confirms in writing.
B
Task-critical: a validated test shows users cannot finish without it.
C
Design system standard: governance declares it and records the cost.
A cultural or preference finding never reaches Must from desk research alone. Routes and wording are proposed until the team approves them.
ROLES AND REVIEW (PROPOSED)
ROLE
RESPONSIBILITY
OWNER
Guideline author
Writes findings and rules.
TBD
Rule reviewer (design system)
Checks taxonomy, evidence links and component impact.
TBD
Local reviewer
Checks language, imagery and relevance. Not the author.
TBD
Domain owner
Payments, operations, marketing. Feasibility and cost.
TBD
Legal reviewer
Confirms compliance items.
TBD
Promotion approver
Approves Should to Must by route A, B or C.
TBD
Review cadence, proposed: every six months, plus a review when a source, product behavior, payment support or legal requirement changes. Not yet approved by the team. Draft reviewed 23 Oct 2026 by the author only. No validation records exist yet.
FINDING REGISTER
TOPIC
FINDING
SOURCE TYPE
LIMITS
SOURCES
Cash on delivery
Cash on delivery was about 23% of Philippine e-commerce value. Vietnam about 16%. Other markets marginal.
Platform data, via press
Xendit platform only. Period not stated.
[1] [2] [5]
Abandoned purchases
41% of PH shoppers who abandoned a purchase cited an unavailable preferred payment method.
Survey of 1,000 Philippine shoppers, via press
Self-reported. Says nothing about UI order.
[1] [3]
QR and bank transfer growth
QR Ph and InstaPay payments +198% (Jan 2025 to Apr 2026), about 13% of value. E-wallet payments +3%.
Platform data, via press
Xendit platform only.
[3] [5]
Digital payments overall
Digital payments were 57.4% of retail payment volume in 2024.
Central bank report, via press
Different measure: all retail.
[6]
Markets compared
Leading abandonment reason differs by market.
Survey, via one outlet
Single secondary source. Verify in the report.
[1] [4]
Season dates
The “ber” months start the season. Simbang Gabi 16 to 24 Dec. Marketplace sale days 9.9 to 12.12.
News, one marketplace
Campaigns change each year.
[13] [21] [22] [23]
Holiday spending
Q4 consumer spending reported up 12 to 18%.
2020 news quote
Not a dataset.
[14]
Official languages
Filipino is the national language. Filipino and English are official. Regional languages are auxiliary official.
Constitution, via government site
Regional languages not covered in v0.1.
[8]
Text length
Tagalog runs about 28% longer. Plan for up to 2x.
Vendor claims
Estimates, not our strings.
[11] [12]
Mixed language
Tagalog and English mixed in ads and TV.
Small studies
Student essay. Small sample.
[9] [10]
Tone and politeness
Hiya read as propriety, not only shame.
Course slides, encyclopedia entry
No link to UI copy found.
[15] [16]
Religion
78.8% Roman Catholic in 2020. 5.3% in the Bangsamoro region.
Census, via press
Secondary coverage.
[7]
Phones
Average smartphone price US$194 in 2Q22.
Market tracker, via press
Dated. Average only.
[19]
Flag law
The Flag and Heraldic Code (RA 8491) prohibits use of the flag as a trademark or label. Summaries add ads and merchandise.
Law note and summaries
Full text not read. Legal review.
[17] [18]
GCash users
GCash reported 39.1 million monthly active users for 2025. UI patterns observed, no dated captures.
Company-reported, observation
Observation only.
[20]
Local imagery and color
No evidence found on color meaning or local imagery.
None
Hypotheses. No rule written.
RULE REGISTER
RULE
RULE
STRENGTH
EVIDENCE
FINDINGS
Payments
Methods and order come from market settings.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Cash on delivery, abandoned purchases, QR and bank transfer growth
Payment methods
Include methods your payments provider confirms. Never card-only.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Cash on delivery, abandoned purchases, QR and bank transfer growth
Order and default
Order and default: start from local data, then test.
Consider
Hypothesis
None direct
Seasonal look
Seasonal styling is a separate layer that can change per market. Core and functional colors never change.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Season dates
Season timing
Plan the seasonal window from September.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Season dates, holiday spending
Faith and festivals
Do not assume one religion in seasonal content.
Consider
Sourced
Religion
Room for longer text
Components pass a longer-text test at the size the design system sets.
Should
Sourced
Needs local validation
Text length
Language choice
Decide English, Filipino or both with content owners.
Consider
Sourced
Needs local validation
Official languages
Mixed language
Taglish only after content testing.
Consider
Hypothesis
Mixed language
Error messages
What happened, true reassurance, next step.
Consider
Hypothesis
Tone and politeness
Light screens
Budget to mid-range performance limit.
Consider
Sourced
Phones
Local pictures
Prefer specific local scenes over generic city views.
Consider
Hypothesis
None direct
Flag and symbols
Ask Legal before using the flag or national symbols. Proposed process rule.
Must
Legal review
Flag law
LIMITATIONS
•
All sources are secondary. I could not open the Xendit report, so its figures come from press coverage.
•
The cash on delivery share is Xendit platform data, not a national figure. Its period is not stated in the coverage.
•
Payment figures come from different methods and do not add up.
•
The cross-market grouping rests on one outlet apart from the Philippines.
•
Language studies are small. Regional languages are not covered.
•
Photos are AI-generated illustrations. They show context and prove nothing.
•
No rule has been validated in market. A Filipino designer or researcher should review the content.
SOURCES
Dates are as shown on each page. Primary links still to add where noted.
[1]
Xendit and Cube. “Xendit Ecommerce Payments Momentum Report 2026: Southeast Asia.” Oct 2026. Survey of 6,000 shoppers in six markets, a survey of 25 business leaders, and Xendit platform data. https://www.xendit.co/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Xendit-ecommerce-payments-momentum-report-2026.pdf
Primary source. I could not open it (access blocked). All figures below come from press coverage [2 to 5]. Verify in the PDF.
[2]
Daily Tribune. “Cash-on-delivery still dominates Phl online shopping.” 20 Oct 2026. https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/20/cash-on-delivery-still-dominates-phl-online-shopping
Press coverage of [1]. Cash on delivery is about 23% of Philippine e-commerce value on Xendit’s platform.
[3]
Back End News. “QR Ph and InstaPay payments on Xendit’s platform grew by 198%.” Oct 2026, exact date not shown. https://backendnews.net/qr-ph-and-instapay-payments-on-xendits-platform-grew-by-198/
Press coverage of [1]. Source for the 41% abandonment figure, the 198% growth and the PH sample of 1,000.
[4]
Fintech Singapore. “SEA’s E-commerce Market to Reach US$400B by 2031: Xendit Report.” Oct 2026, exact date not shown. https://fintechnews.sg/138974/payments/southeast-asia-e-commerce-payments-xendit-report/
Press coverage of [1]. The only source I found for the Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand figures. Verify.
[5]
The Manila Times. “COD still prevalent in PH, study shows.” 16 Oct 2026. https://www.manilatimes.net/2026/10/16/business/top-business/cod-still-prevalent-in-ph-study-shows/2447064
Press coverage of [1]. Vietnam about 16%; other markets described as marginal; e-wallet payments +3%.
[6]
Newsbytes.ph. “Digital payments usage in PH now at 57.4%, says BSP.” 8 Jul 2025. Reports the BSP 2024 digital payments report. https://newsbytes.ph/2025/07/08/digital-payments-usage-in-ph-now-at-57-4-says-bsp/
Press coverage. Link the BSP report directly.
[7]
DZRH. “78.8% are Roman Catholics in PH population: PSA.” 23 Feb 2023. Reports the PSA 2020 census. https://dzrh.com.ph/post/more-catholics-in-ph-census
Press coverage. Link the PSA release.
[8]
National Commission for Culture and the Arts. National language article quoting the 1987 Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6 and 7. Date not shown. https://ncca.gov.ph/?p=4461
[9]
Garcia, D. V. “English and Tagalog: A Study of Code Switching in Philippine Television Advertisements.” University of Gothenburg, 15 Nov 2021. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/70016
Student essay. 40 ads.
[10]
Clemente, A. “The Conversational Functions and Effects of Tagalog-English Code-Switching on Filipino Television.” University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal. Year not shown. https://usurj.journals.usask.ca/article/view/763
Small qualitative study.
[11]
Gengo. “English to Tagalog Translation Services.” Date not shown. https://gengo.com/professional-translation/english-tagalog/
Vendor claim.
[12]
SimpleLocalize. “Why text expansion breaks your UI and how to fix it.” Date not shown. https://simplelocalize.io/blog/posts/text-expansion-ui-localization/
Vendor guidance.
[13]
Daily Tribune. “Lanterns light up QC streets as world’s longest Christmas season begins.” 15 Sep 2025. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/15/lanterns-light-up-qc-streets-as-worlds-longest-christmas-season-begins
News caption. “Longest” is unranked and not used here.
[14]
AFP via Manila Standard, hosted by PIDS. “Pinoys won’t let virus spoil X’mas.” 9 Nov 2020. https://pids.gov.ph/details/pinoys-won-t-let-virus-spoil-x-mas
2020 news quote, not a dataset.
[15]
University of the Philippines Manila course material. “Social Psychology in the Philippine Context.” Date not shown. https://vle.upm.edu.ph/pluginfile.php/229863/mod_resource/content/1/Social%20Psychology%20in%20the%20Philippine%20Context.pdf
Course slides, not a primary study.
[16]
“Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino).” Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology entry, hosted on Academia.edu. Author and date not shown. https://www.academia.edu/6013406/Filipino_Psychology
To read in full. Primary reading to add: Pe-Pua and Protacio-Marcelino (2000), https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00054. Not yet read.
[17]
WIPO Lex. “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (RA 8491).” 12 Feb 1998. Notes that Section 34(c)(6) prohibits use of the flag as a trademark or as commercial labels or designs. https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9577
Full text not read by me. Legal review needed.
[18]
jur.ph. Summary of the implementing rules of RA 8491 (1998). Date not shown. https://jur.ph/law/summary/rules-and-regulations-implementing-republic-act-no-8491-s-1998
Secondary summary. Says use in advertisements and trademarks without consent is prohibited.
[19]
Newsbytes.ph. “PH smartphone market down for 4th straight quarter in Q2, says IDC.” 30 Aug 2022. https://newsbytes.ph/2022/08/30/ph-smartphone-market-down-for-4th-straight-quarter-in-q2-says-idc/
Dated. Overall average price.
[20]
IFRE. “Philippines’ Mynt files for up to US$1.3bn IPO.” 2026, date not shown. Reports GCash monthly active users. https://www.ifre.com/equities/2449744/philippines-mynt-files-for-up-to-us1.3bn-ipo
Company-reported figure.
[21]
Philstar. “Christmas in the Philippines: Why Simbang Gabi is an important Filipino tradition.” 15 Dec 2023. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/2023/12/15/2318642/christmas-philippines-why-simbang-gabi-important-filipino-tradition/amp/
Simbang Gabi starts 16 Dec and ends 24 Dec.
[22]
GadgetMatch. Coverage of Shopee 11.11 and 12.12 sales in the Philippines. Date not shown. https://www.gadgetmatch.com/?p=183759
One marketplace. Campaign terms change each year.
[23]
ProductNation. “Shopee Sale Philippines.” Date not shown. Lists 9.9, 10.10, 11.11 and 12.12 campaigns. https://productnation.co/ph/27624/shopee-sale-philippines/
One marketplace. Campaign names change each year.
[24]
PAGASA. “Tropical Cyclone Information.” Date not shown. https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/climate/tropical-cyclone-information
Government agency overview. Climate averages, not customer data.
[25]
PAGASA. “Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones 2020.” https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/tc_summary/PAGASA_ARTC_2020.pdf
One season only.
[26]
Philippine Daily Inquirer. “Keeping Filipinos’ Undas traditions alive.” 2 Nov 2022. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1688456/keeping-filipinos-undas-traditions-alive
News report.
[27]
Malacañang. Proclamation No. 944, 19 May 2020. https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc2020/proc_944_2020.html
States that RA 9177 made Eid’l Fitr a regular holiday.
[28]
Philippine News Agency, via PTV. “Eid al-Fitr: Islam’s most auspicious festival.” 2019. https://ptvnews.ph/?p=120843
Gives the 2002 law, the lunar-calendar rule and the figure of about 6% Muslim Filipinos.
[29]
CNBC. “Philippines allows ‘Barbie’ movie to be screened, calls China map ‘cartoonish’.” 13 Jul 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/philippines-allows-barbie-movie-calls-controversial-china-map-cartoonish-rcna94017
Quotes the film board statement. Films only, not product UI. Legal review needed.
[30]
Wikipedia. “Postal addresses in the Philippines.” Date not shown. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_addresses_in_the_Philippines
Secondary. The Universal Postal Union address sheet is still to add.
[31]
PowerCommerce. “Shopify adds localized address fields for Brazil, Philippines, Kuwait, Peru and Panama.” Date not shown. https://powercommerce.com/blogs/shopify-updates/shopify-adds-localized-address-fields-for-brazil-philippines-kuwait-peru-and-panama-what-merchants-need-to-know
Trade blog. A vendor change, not a study.
[32]
“On the Origins of Philippine Particle/Pronominal Sociolinguistic Use.” Working Papers in Linguistics, 1981. https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/WPLC/article/view/5039/1946
Academic paper. Dated. Not about UI.
[33]
The Smart Local Philippines. “11 Filipino Etiquette Tips.” Date not shown. https://thesmartlocal.ph/filipino-etiquette-tips/
Lifestyle site. Informal. Tagalog only.
Photos are AI-generated illustrations of Philippine scenes. They show context, not evidence. Screens are my own concept illustrations and do not show a real product.